In his book Politicians and Poachers, Charles Gibson analyzes the origins and effects of government “institutions” on Zambian wildlife policy. Bearing in mind his definition of what an institution is – its origins, what it does and what it represents – one can apply his analysis to the nature of tourism. Since much of the tourism industry relies on what is seen as “authentic” and how it is determined, it is important to focus on how various institutions shape Western and local thinking. Charles Gibson proposes a definition of “institutions,” on which he bases his argument about Zambia's wildlife policy. He says that, essentially, they are the result of “voluntary exchanges between relatively equal actors seeking outcomes that enhance each other's well-being.” This definition is quite broad; includes almost all organizations with a common goal. However, Gibson also narrows this sense to a more selfish sense, stating that an institution also “features individuals…who seek…to increase their private well-being, not that of society” (Gibson 11). Furthermore, they seek to “protect their benefit streams from uncertainty” (Gibson 11). Therefore, a definition that once included all groups of people is now limited to a set of people who not only seek to promote and protect their own gains, but those who do so with only themselves in mind. This institution, according to Gibson's definition, can prove to be very problematic, especially in the political sphere. A leader of any kind, in office through election or the use of force, who adheres to this type of government institution, can do little or no good for his or her country. This institution does not necessarily have to come from an individual; “The weaker groups could agree to set up… the medium of paper… Kenya's plans have the same value.” This performance is not meant for foreigners; it is “an ethnic theme park for domestic tourists” (Bruner, Gmelch 209). Those cultural institutions that seem far-fetched or overproduced are less likely to be considered legitimate because they strive not to benefit the community but themselves. Charles Gibson, in his book Politicians and Poachers, establishes the structure of political and governmental institutions and their role in wildlife policy. However, it is not limited to state action; one can apply its basic definition to social and cultural institutions and their influence on the tourism industry. Since tourism, where people go and how they spend their money depend on the concept of “authenticity”, it is essential that tourist attractions seem authentic, but not to the extent that this legitimacy seems falsified.
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