IntroductionThis experiment is designed to study actual flow in pipes. Three types of fluid flows were identified during this experiment. They are laminar, transient and turbulent flows. Pressure gradients along the pipe were measured while pipe friction factors were calculated at different flow rates. Finally, velocity profiles were plotted in the cross section of the pipe at different flow rates. The study of flow pipes is extremely important since the application of pipe system has been used in various fields in real life. For example, the transportation of consumed water, wastewater, oil and gas appears to be easier after the application of the piping system.1.1 ObjectivesThis experiment was conducted to identify the Reynolds number values ​​for a typical laminar, transient and turbulent in a tube with circular cross-section. Furthermore, this experiment aimed to understand the concept of friction applied in pipe flow and obtain the fully developed flow friction factor for a range of different flows. Finally, the velocity profile in the tube cross section was measured and compared for both laminar and turbulent flow. 1.2 Report structure (edit after completion of report) Pipe flow theory has been introduced in this report. The following is the experimental setup and experimental procedure needed to perform the experiment. Subsequently, the recorded experimental results were tabulated and displayed. The detailed analysis was carried out based on the experimental results. The comparison between the theoretical and experimental values ​​was also carried out. Possible sources of error were identified accompanied by suggestions to improve the accuracy of the results. Last but not least, conc...... middle of paper....... Therefore, laminar flow should achieve fully developed fluid flow in a shorter development length than turbulent flow. On the other hand, turbulent flow takes longer to reach fully developed flow because it is unstable, chaotic, and moves in all directions. In short, the result did not agree with the theory. The difference between theory and experimental result might be due to the assumption of laminar flow in Test 1. The fluid flow in Test 1 was actually a transition flow consisting of both laminar and turbulent flow characteristics. However, the formula for laminar flow was used to calculate the development length. This may affect the accuracy of the development length calculation. Therefore, the result with longer developmental length in Test 1 was considered explainable due to the invalid assumption. Figure 5.2 Laminar flow Figure 5.3 Turbulent flow