In the field of intersectionality, much of the research focuses on analyzing race, class, and gender as factors of marginalization. These factors are viewed in institutionalized ways, and many analyzes seek to demonstrate how welfare reform policies do not address these fundamental inequalities. It should be noted that women may suffer from a double bind due to welfare reforms. The lasting effects of racism and the lack of attention paid to gender inequalities (i.e. the “family gap”) in women's earned income, leave an inherent vulnerability to the perpetuation of discrimination in employment, income and family violence (Lindhorst and Mancoske, 2003 ). Research over the past decade has documented the disproportionate impact of domestic violence on low-income families, which demonstrates that domestic violence can interfere with women's ability to comply with welfare policy requirements, affect their participation in work and serve as a significant barrier to their economic progress. Recent ethnographic work suggests that because neoliberal policies ignore the social and familial networks in which low-income women are embedded and the economic realities that constrain them, policies intended to promote self-sufficiency (e.g., work requirements) and/or promoting private rather than state dependence for low-income women (e.g., promoting marriage) may instead become a source of greater marginalization and vulnerability to abuse (Purvin, 2007). Aboriginal women suffer mortality rates twice as high as any other group of women in this country due to domestic violence. Some scholars argue that it was through sexual violence and through the imposition of European gender relations on native communities that Europeans were able to colonize the natives… middle of paper……from.” The International Indigenous Policy Journal 4 (2): 1-21. Smith, Andrea (2005). “Native American Feminism, Sovereignty, and Social Change.” Feminist Studies 31 (1): 116-132. References Brown, Irene and Joya Misra (2003). “The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market.” Annual Review of Sociology 29: 487-513.Hall, Ronald E (2012). "The feminization of social welfare: implications of cultural tradition towards male victims of domestic violence". Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 7: 7-32.Harding, Robert (2009). “Aboriginal child welfare news: discourses of white guilt, reverse racism and failed policies.” Canadian Social Work Review 26 (1): 25-41. Indian Act, RSC 1985, c. I-5. Manning, Corinne (2004). “‘A Helping White Hand’: assimilation, welfare and transitional Victorian Aboriginal housing policy.” History of work 87: 193-208.