Topic > Comparison: The Theories of Jean-Paul Sarte and Martin Buber

I will argue that Buber's position is more insightful because his theory of human relations lays the foundation for an ethical system. I will first examine Sartre's notion of intersubjectivity. Second, I will examine Buber's view, comparing and contrasting it with Sartre's in two respects. First I will compare how the Other changes the subject's worldview. My second comparison will concern the idea that intersubjective relations for Sartre and Buber involve the subject seeing the universe through the Other. Finally, moving away from the compare and contrast section, I will show how Buber's model is more likely to give rise to an ethical relationship than Sartre's model. To explicate Sartre's notion of intersubjectivity I will follow the progression that Sartre undertakes in Being and Nothingness. I will first distinguish between “being for oneself” and “being for others”. Secondly, I will provide an explanation of the subject's encounter with the Other as object. Third, I will explain the meaning of the “gaze”. Here I will show how the gaze provides the basis for the self. I will also show how the gaze of the Other affects the freedom of the subject. One of the purposes of Being and Nothingness is to describe consciousness, or human subjectivity. Sartre distinguishes two different modes of consciousness to accurately describe human subjectivity. These two modes are being for oneself and being for others. Being-for-itself refers to a transcendent conscious being (Oaklander, 238). Transcendence is the antithesis of facticity. I will first describe facticity, to make the concept of transcendence more tractable. Facticity denotes the concrete details of the subject's being, including past decisions, placed in the center of the paper. Suddenly it seems spacious and empty without the presence of her lover. The lover therefore sees his world in relation to the beloved. It is as if the beloved permeates his perception like a sweet perfume permeates a room. Buber vividly describes this permeation, writing that “man abides in his love” (Buber, 59) and that the “Thou spreadeth over me” (Buber, 55). This does not mean that the I perceives only the You or that the lover perceives only his beloved. It means that the lover sees the world in relation to his lover as well as through his lover. Buber, “it is not as if there was anything else but him; but everything else lives in its light” (Buber, 55). In other words, the world is colored by your loved one. DOES IT APPLY TO THE GENERAL? While Buber argues that we conceive of the world through the Other, Sartre argues that we come to see ourselves through the Other.