Black immigration to Chicago in the 1960s resulted in a young, uneducated population working minimum wage jobs and living in poverty. These social factors led to an increase in criminal activity. To eliminate the conditions under which crime grew, the government attempted to eliminate slums and ghettos. The conflict in Vietnam led to an allocation of resources for the war against communism. Without public funding to improve living conditions, major cities have increased incarceration for drug and gun crimes as a temporary solution (54-56). The influx of these cases resulted in charges being dropped because the courts failed to process them in the required time frame. Cook County established drug courts in 1992. This was a designated weeknight that allowed the courts to take on trivial cases that would otherwise be dismissed. out. As a result, more police officers were more willing to arrest and charge juvenile drug offenders (117-118). Prior to this, police discretion would have dictated not charging such crimes because resources to deal with these cases were insufficient. Other factors could speed up or slow down the judicial process. A bench trial is a trial in which the defendant waives his right to a jury trial. Speeds up the legal process by allowing the judge to decide the case. A court does not need to go through the jury selection process and then conduct the trial (126-127). Legal rights such as pro se where a defendant represents himself are not encouraged. Normal people do not have the legal knowledge and experience for an adequate defense. To prevent this from dragging out the legal process, judges try to persuade defendants not to choose this option (146-147). The case of Dan Young Jr., a mentally retarded man convicted of murder and sexual assault is an example of legal reality that does not respect empirical reality. Harold Hill, the man convicted along with Young for this crime, confessed to the murder when he was questioned by police about a robbery. He named Young and a man named Peter Williams as his two accomplices. All three men confessed to the crime, but in reality Williams could not have committed this crime. He remained in prison from September 26 to October 25; the crime was committed on October 14, 1990. The charges against Williams were dropped. The three men said they confessed to the crime because of the police's method of interrogation. During interrogation Young waived his Miranda rights (201-203). Young's mental retardation did not prevent him from being prosecuted. It was rated by two