LITERATURE REVIEWBees collect nectar and pollen from flowers as a food source. The nutrients needed to grow colony populations and maintain their health come from nectar and pollen. The nectar, which is then converted into honey, provides carbohydrates. Pollen, like bee bread, provides dietary requirements such as proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals (Huang 2010; Degrandi-Hoffman 2013). A review by Wakhle (1981) reported the versatile characteristics of bee pollen and products. Royal jelly produced by bees for the queen, for which pollen is very important, which is rich in most essential nutrients. Pollen is the male reproductive cell of flowering plants. It is a fine to coarse powder containing the microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce male gametes (spermatozoa). It contains a high concentration of reducing sugars, essential amino acids, unsaturated/saturated fatty acids, minerals Zn, Cu, Fe and a high K/Na ratio and significant quantities of numerous vitamins. The amount of these relevant nutritional components largely depends on the biological source of the pollen (Campos & Bogdanov, 2010)2.1 Bee pollen or pollen collected by bees: hundreds or sometimes millions of pollen grains per flower are collected by bees and packaged in pollen pellets on the hind legs with the help of special combs and hairs (Krell 1996). As foraging bees feed on the flower for nectar, pollen particles dust themselves on them. Pollen is swept away from the worker's body by the front and middle legs and transferred to a special structure in the hind legs called the cubicula or pollen basket. Forager bees discharge their pollen by kicking pollen pellets from their legs into the cell. These pollens are ref...... half of the document ......by & Mardan, 2011). Generally, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be defined as Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, catalase-negative, devoid of cytochromes, acid-tolerant groups, and facultative anaerobes that produce lactic acid as the main end product during carbohydrate fermentation. According to carbohydrate metabolism, they can be divided into two main groups:1. Homofermentative LAB (produce mainly lactic acid).2. Heterofermentative LAB (produce lactic acid, carbon dioxide, ethanol and/or acetic acid). This classification derives from the metabolic pathways used by the organisms and the resulting end product. While homoferments use glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), heteroferments use the 6-phosphogluconate/phosphoketolase pathway (Bulut 2003) (Figure 2.2). Figure 2.2 Metabolic pathway of glucose utilization of LAB (Bulut, 2003)