The branch of science that deals with chemical and physicochemical processes and substances present in living organisms. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Biochemical analytical techniques refer to a set of methods, analyses, and procedures that allow scientists to study substances present in living organisms and chemical reactions in essential life processes. The most complicated of these techniques are reserved for specialized research and diagnostic laboratories, while simplified sets of these techniques are used in common procedures such as testing for abuse of banned drugs in competitive athletic events and monitoring patients' blood sugar diabetics. List of biochemical techniques: Biochemical laboratory methods, systematic and analytical methods. Spectroscopic methods Electrophoretic techniques Chromatography Calorimeter Photometry Nuclear magnetic resonance Centrifugation ELISA DNA cloning and sequencing Use of radioisotopes Immunological methods Chromatography: Chromatography is one of the most useful and accepted tools in biochemistry. It is an analytical technique that deals with the separation of closely associated compounds from a mixture. These consist of proteins, peptides, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and drugs. Principles and Categorization Chromatography usually consists of a mobile phase and a stationary phase. Mobile phase: Mobile phase refers to the combination of substances (to be separated), dissolving in a liquid or gas. Stationary phase: Stationary phase is a porous solid matrix through which the sample contained in the mobile phase filters. The contact between the mobile phase and the stationary phase determines the separation of the compounds from the mixture. These interactions consist of physicochemical principles, for example, adsorption, partitioning, ion exchange, molecular sieving, and affinity. The interaction between stationary phase and mobile phase is often employed in chromatographic classification, e.g. partitioning, adsorption, ion exchange. Furthermore, the categorization of chromatography is also based on the nature of the stationary phase (paper, thin layer, column) or the nature of both mobile and stationary phases (gas-liquid chromatography). Electrophoresis: The movement of charged particles (ions) in an electric field resulting in migration towards the oppositely charged electrode is called electrophoresis. Molecules with a net positive charge (cations) move towards the negative cathode while those with a net negative charge (anions) move towards the positive anode. Electrophoresis is a widely used analytical method for the separation of biological molecules, for example, plasma proteins, lipoproteins, and immunoglobulins. Types of electrophoresis: Electrophoresis zone Immunoelectrophoresis: Isoelectric focusing: Photometry: Photometry deals largely with learning of the phenomenon of absorption of light by particles in solution. The specificity of a compound to absorb light at a particular wavelength (monochromatic light) is exploited in the laboratory for quantitative measurements. Colorimeter: The colorimeter (or photoelectric colorimeter) is the instrument used for measuring colored substances. This apparatus operates in the observable range (400-800 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum of light. The operation of the colorimeter is based on the principle of the Beer-Lambert law. The colorimeter, in general, contains a light source, a sample holder with filter and a detector with display (meter or digital). A string lamp usually serves as a light source. The filters allow a small range of lengths to pass throughwave as incident light. Spectrophotometry: The spectrophotometer mainly differs from the colorimeter because it covers the ultraviolet region (200-400 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additional the spectrophotometer is more complicated with numerous additionaldevices which ultimately increase the sensitivity of its operation by several times compared to a colorimeter. A precisely selected wavelength (234 nm or 610 nm) can be used for measurements in both the ultraviolet and visible ranges. Instead of glass cuvettes (in the colorimeter), quartz cells are used in the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer has basic parts similar to those described for a colorimeterUltracentrifugation: Ultracentrifugation is an indispensable tool for the isolation of subcellular organelles, proteins and nucleic acids. furthermore, this technique is also used for the molecular weights of macromolecules. The rate at which sedimentation occurs in ultracentrifugation is based primarily on the mass and shape of the particles or macromolecules (i.e. molecular weight). It is expressed in terms of sedimentation coefficients). Centrifugation: Centrifugation is the use of centrifugal forces generated in a rotating rotor to split biological particles, includes cells, viruses, subcellular organelles, macromolecules (mainly proteins and nucleic acids), and macromolecular complexes (such as ribonucleoproteins and lipoproteins ). The three main separation procedures are differential pelleting, zonal centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. The first two methods separate particles primarily on the basis of volume while isopycnic centrifugation separates particles on the basis of their density. The choice of centrifugation technique based on the nature of the particles and often over a separation technique is mandatory, for example membrane fractionation often involves first creating an enriched fraction from a cell homogenate by differential pelleting followed by resonance isopycnic nuclear magnetic: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical chemical method used in quality control and research to determine the content and purity of a test by its molecular structure. Centrifugation to obtain purified fractions. Mass spectrometry: Mass spectrometry is a useful analytical technique used to quantify known materials, identify unidentified compounds in a sample, and elucidate the structure and chemical properties of dissimilar molecules. The entire process involves the transformation of the sample into gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then characterized by their mass/charge ratio (m/z) and their relative abundances. This method mainly studies the effect of ionizing energy on molecules. It is based on chemical reactions in the gas phase in which sample molecules are consumed during the formation of ionic and neutral species. Principle: The initial step in the mass spectrometric analysis of compounds is the production of ions in the gas phase of the compound, primarily by electron ionization. This molecular ion undergoes fragmentation. Each primary product ion derived from the molecular ion, in turn, undergoes fragmentation, and so on. In the mass spectrometer, ions are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio and detected in proportion to their large quantity. Thus the mass spectrum of the molecule is formed. Displays the result as a graph of ion abundance versus mass-to-charge ratio. Ions provide information about the nature and structure of their precursor molecule. In the spectrum of a pure compound, the molecular ion, if present, appears at the highest m/z value (followed by.